Financial Leverage
Explanation
Leverage magnifies both gains and losses. A 2x levered investment doubles when the asset rises 50% but goes to zero when it falls 50%. For companies, financial leverage (using debt financing) increases return on equity when ROIC exceeds the cost of debt, but creates bankruptcy risk when earnings can't cover interest payments. The optimal leverage level balances the tax benefits of debt (interest is tax-deductible) against the costs of financial distress. Private equity firms typically use 3-6x leverage to amplify returns.
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